Thursday, 30 October 2008

Hot forecast [October 2008]

Mild UK Weather set for the next 8 days:
[remember that the temperature is variable. On a Sunny day in October the temperature around London can range by up to 6'C within a 50km range. Some of this is due to the Urban Heat Island effect, but most of which results from patchy low cloud or fog. On the 8th of October London's outskirts reached 15'C, whilst parts reached 22'C. I used a representative London value, and will keep to the same one throughout. The GFS provides a smoothed mean of the temperatures, averaged over a 6 hour time window, and does not consider the urban heat island, so days with a high dynamic range in temperature, max T is underestimated and min T is overestimated. The mean temperature should remain unaltered if the chosen locations are sufficiently far from Urbanized sprawling.]
The GFS forecast interpretation was made independently, without access to a TV weather forecast or BBC sources.

My forecast from Global Forecast (GFS) 8 day forecast outputs:


Date: --------------- London: --------------- Edinburgh:

Tue 7th, Oct--------------- 15'C/13'C Rain --------------- 13'C/10'C Rain
Wed 8th, Oct --------------- 15'C/9'C partly cloudy--------------- 12'C/8'C Rain
Thu 9th, Oct --------------- 15'C/15'C Cloudy --------------- 12'C/12'C Rain pm
Fri 10th, Oct --------------- 17'C/10'C Sunny--------------- 15'C/12'C Rain pm
Sat 11th, Oct --------------- 18'C/15'C partly cloudy--------------- 13'C/10'C Rain
Sun 12th, Oct --------------- 18'C/13'C rain --------------- 13'C/8'C showers
Mon 13th, Oct --------------- 18'C/15'C partly cloudy --------------- 10'C/12'C Heavy rain pm
Tue 14th, Oct --------------- 15'C rain --------------- 12'C rain

Mean temperature --------------- [16.375'C/12.857'C] --------------- [12.500'C/10.287'C]
Temperature anomalies--------------- [+1.275/+5.407] --------------- [+0.100'C/+4.337'C]

Mean anomaly--------------- [+3.341 +/- 0.5'C] --------------- [+2.2185'C +/- 0.5'C]

----------------------
BBC 5 day forecast

Tue 7th, Oct --------------- 17/9 Rain --------------- 14/8 Rain
Wed 8th, Oct--------------- 17/5 Partly cloudy --------------- 14/7 Partly Cloudy
Thu 9th, Oct--------------- 17/10 Sunny --------------- 15/12 Cloudy
Fri 10th, Oct --------------- 19/10 Sunny --------------- 16/8 Rain
Sat 11th, Oct --------------- 17/10 Partly cloudy --------------- 13/8 Sunny

Mean temperature--------------- [17.4'C/8.8'C] --------------- [14.4'C/8.6'C]
Temperature anomalies--------------- [+2.300/+1.350] --------------- [+2.000'C/+2.650'C]

Mean anomaly--------------- [+1.825 +/- 0.5'C] --------------- [+2.325'C +/- 0.5'C]


Observations:

An atmospheric block near the UK ended explosive during the beginning of the period, causing an "explosive" surge of tropical maritime moist air driving into the UK. The following was observed ...

(1) Strong subsidence occurs either side of the SW'ly jet of moisture, causing cooler dryer bands and low level cloudiness which acts as a negative feedback. In some cases this "significantly reduced" the expected rainfall in both the BBC and GFS forecasts. The GFS poorly resolves boundary layer issues, and secondary convective processes associated with a highly confined stream of moisture.
(2) Possibility of "Fog" dragging down temperatures in the SE of England by Monday. [Prediction of 5:1 made for Fog causing disruption to Heathrow air travel, made on Wednesday 8th].
(3) It is likely that the urban heat island "pushed" up the average temperature in London by up to +0.5'C

Probability Estimates; Observations are shown in the boxes:
Place your bets wisely [66% of the probability lies in the range 1.5'C to +4.5'C]
There is enough water vapour in the atmosphere this week, to produce a doubling-effect of carbon-dioxide. How will this influence the UK weather. Perhaps we might see a negative feedback take place?

Truth (Tues 7th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 18/8 rain
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 16/11 rain

Truth (Wed 8th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 18/6 Sun
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 15/8 Partly cloudy

Truth (Thurs 9th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 19/11 Sun
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 15/4 Rain pm (;, but mostly cloudy

Truth (Fri 10th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 18/8 Sun
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 17/11 Rain

Truth (Sat 11th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 20/9 Sunny
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 12/2 Sunny

Mean Temperatures
London 18.6/8.4 [+3.025/+0.95] Mean anomaly = +2.4875'C
Edinburgh 15.0/7.2 [+2.60/+1.25] Mean anomaly = +1.925'C
Christopher James Nankervis wrote
at 10:37am on October 12th, 2008
5 Day GFS
London +2.925'C
Edinburgh +2.525'C

5 Day BBC
London +1.825'C
Edinburgh +2.325'C

5 Ensemble (BBC+GFS)/2
London +2.375'C
Edinburgh +2.425'C

5 Observation
London +2.4875'C
Edinburgh +1.925'C
Christopher James Nankervis wrote
at 2:12pm on October 14th, 2008
Truth (Sat 12th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 24/15 Sunny
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: Partly Cloudy: 15/11

Truth (Mon 13th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 18/11 Mist/Partly cloudy
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 14/6 Partly Cloudy

Truth (Tues 14th Oct, 2008)
London [Greenich - London]: 15 Partly cloudy/Rain pm
Edinburgh [EGPH - Edinburgh Airport]: 12 Partly Cloudy
Christopher James Nankervis wrote
at 2:45pm on October 14th, 2008
8 Day GFS
London +3.341'C
Edinburgh +2.219'C

8 Observation
London +2.957'C
Edinburgh +2.770''C

Cold forecast [October 2008]

Friday 24th
4.0'C/9.0'C [20mm rain pm [mostly rain]] 25mph SW

Saturday 25th
8.0'C/15.0'C [5mm rain am [mostly cloudy]] 35mph W

Sunday 26th
5.0'C/9.0'C [2mm rain [light showers / partly cloudy]] 25mph NW

Monday 27th
0.0'C/8.0'C [Sunny!!] 15mph NWW

Tuesday 28th
-2.0'C/7.0'C [Sunny!!] 15mph NWW

Wednesday 29th
-2.0'C/10.0'C [Rain; 25mm, possibly some sleetiness] 20mph NWW

Thursday 30th
4.0'C/10.0'C [Partly cloudy] 25mph NWW

--------------------------
---------
Prediction (GFS)
+2.4'C / +9.7'C

Mean (1960-1990)
+4.2'C / +10.5'C

Anomaly
-1.8'C / -0.7'C [-1.25'C +/- 0.5'C] BELOW AVERAGE

Truth:
5/10
9/13
4/9
0/8
-2/5
0/6
-2/8

Truth
+2.0'C / +8.4'C
Anomaly
-2.2'C / -2.1'C [-2.15'C +/- 0.5'C] BELOW AVERAGE

White Christmas

A north-westerly flow has become a semi-permanent feature of the UK weather over the past couple of years. Combined with an enhanced North-Westerly Jet, this flow gave rise to a polar-maritime type heavy rainfall scenario, with enhanced cyclonic activity leading to flooding in the Summers of 2007 and 2008.

The cause of this weather feature, is thought to be either (1) related to the La Nina, a cool water phase of the Pacific, which tends to cause an intense polar jet in the northern hemisphere, which interacts with upper level vorticity near Greenland, causing a northwesterly flow into the UK.
(2) A slight weakening of the north-Atlantic drift / Gulf Stream circulation, could induce a stronger polar jet. Literature tends to suggest that the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is weakening, which could be part of a longer term cycle, (3) Diminished solar activity and ionization by solar particles, or changes in northern hemisphere cloud cover particularly near the Arctic, (4) Arctic Oscillation / North Atlantic Oscillation changes due to ocean cycles.
Since the ocean and atmosphere are intrinsically coupled, it is unlikely that the atmospheric changes are not related or linked to changes occurring simultaneously in the Ocean. (5) Ice melt in the Arctic causing some feedback on the climate, which I don't understand (6) Other feedback process of unknown origin ....

Projecting the northwesterly flow / sinking Rossby waves pattern scenario into Winter 2008, I provided a forecast (Seasonal 2008) at OnlineWeather.org.uk. This was based on increased storminess, and changes to the mean (prevailing) airstream arriving into the UK.
In "normal" conditions, a Tropical Maritime flow dominates the weather of the UK (mT on figure 1.), yet during the past couple of years, the flow has been shifting gradually to a semi-permanent returning polar maritime (rPm) or polar maritime (Pm) flow, which coincided with a super-La Nina phase.